Written by: Anushka Jain
Email: anushkaj2304@gmail.com
Introduction
Within the field of neuroscience, neuroplasticity is a phenomenon that has been proven to contradict our early beliefs about the human brain. In the past, researchers believed that neurogenesis, or the production of new neurons, ended after the later stages of childhood, but that has been proven wrong. The ability of the nervous system to continuously change and respond to altering stimuli as a result of new experiences, memories, learning, and overall growth is truly fascinating.
Figure 1. The process of neurogenesis
The human brain is composed of an enormous number of neurons. Neurons communicate with each other through a small gap that lets chemical signals pass through it. This gap is known as a synapse. This communication occurs through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The presynaptic neuron secretes neurotransmitters that bind to protein receptors on the postsynaptic neuron which trigger another signal. Neurons have numerous connections with other neurons. Together they form complex networks that are responsible for all brain functions. The capability of neurons to alter the strength of existing synapses, as well as form new synaptic connections, is called neuroplasticity.
Figure 2. The process of chemical signals being passed on from one neuron to another
Further Exploration: Into The Depths of Plasticity
Neuroplasticity and synaptic pruning are intricately related activities regarding the functioning of the brain.
As our lives continue to unfold and we constantly adapt to new environments and experiences, our brains discard neural connections that are unused or unnecessary whilst simultaneously reinforcing and maintaining those that are frequently used. This is called synaptic pruning and is an important part of growth and development since clearing up old synapses makes room for new ones.
Neurons that are often utilized form stronger connections. Neurons that are rarely or never utilized fall apart.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's capability to reorganize itself, whereas synaptic pruning branches under neuroplasticity involve the removal of unused synapses. These processes collectively enable the brain to develop and grow.
Two primary types of neuroplasticity are recognized: Functional Plasticity and Structural Plasticity. In general, they work together to support memory, learning, and cognitive function.
Functional Plasticity
Functional plasticity, a foundation of neural plasticity, encompasses the dynamic reshaping of synaptic connections in the brain without structural differences. This intricate process underlies the remarkable capability of the brain to acclimate its functional circuits in response to experiences and literacy. At the synaptic position, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) play vital roles, reflecting enduring advancements or reductions in synaptic strength.
Experience-dependent, functional plasticity ensures that as individuals acquire new skills or knowledge, the neural networks involved grow more effective. Similarly, cortical remapping allows sensitive and motor areas to acclimatize their representations grounded on environmental stimulants or injury. By fostering adaptive reorganization and maintaining homeostatic balance within neural networks, functional plasticity enables the brain to flexibly respond to challenges, contributing to learning, memory, and overall cognitive adaptability.
Functional plasticity incorporates the nonstop change in the strength and effectiveness of neuronal connections. This ongoing process is essential for the brain's ability to adapt and respond dynamically to the ever-changing demands of the environment. The interplay of LTP, LTD, experience-dependent modifications, and cortical remapping collectively contributes to the neural foundation of learning and memory, highlighting the intricate mechanisms that underpin cognitive adaptability.
Structural Plasticity
The brain undergoes physical changes in response to learning and experience, which is known as structural plasticity. Functional plasticity, on the other hand, involves changes in how existing neural circuits work. Structural plasticity involves physical rewiring and the formation of new neural connections. This is important for adaptive behavior, memory formation, and recovery from injury. Structural plasticity includes neurogenesis and synapse remodeling (the process of increasing or decreasing the number and strength of the connections between neurons). Structural changes are essential for long-term memory and are affected by a variety of factors including environmental enrichment, learning experiences, and stress.
Both types of plasticity are important for brain development, learning, and adaptation. Functional plasticity allows for rapid changes in neural networks to meet short-term requirements, while structural plasticity lays the groundwork for long-term changes that contribute to overall brain flexibility and adaptability.
Figure 3. The two types of plasticity
Cognition:
A wide range of internal functions, such as memory, attentiveness, understanding / producing speech and language, perception, etc., are a part of cognition. Cognition is the ability to process, store, and use information. Everything that enables people to comprehend, engage with, and navigate their surroundings is collectively referred to as cognition.
Plasticity and cognition hold a co-dependence. The basis for their mutual dependence is the idea that cognitive activities impact the structure and function of the brain and alterations in neural structure influence cognitive processes. Participating in cognitive tasks or learning experiences alters the brain at the synapse and neural network levels. For example, some brain pathways are triggered during learning, enhancing synaptic connections and increasing the efficiency of information transfer between neurons.
Figure 4. The functions that branch under cognition
When the concept of neuroplasticity comes up, it is important to consider opposing views that bring forth complications. Some claim that it can lead to negative effects, such as dysfunctional changes in response to trauma or addiction. Others claim that neuroplasticity has limitations, including decreased ability with age or in cases of neurological disorders. In addition, some believe that plasticity is overestimated and that its capability to change through time is baseless. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that changes in neural connections are still supported by neuroplasticity, which has remarkable implications for understanding the brain's potential for growth and adaptation.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, neuroplasticity has a pivotal effect on the human brain, it builds the basis of our entire thought process, which may have been altered through different experiences, trauma, injuries, etc. It acts as a building block, constantly reshaping and reorganizing the brain, along with our lives.
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Dzedzickis, Andrius, Kaklauskas, Artūras Bucinskas, Vytautas "Human Emotion Recognition: Review of Sensors and Methods"
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